Abstract: Cities are producers of high quantities of
secondary liquid and solid streams that are still poorly
utilized within urban systems. In order to tackle this issue,
there has been an ever-growing push for more efficient resource
management and waste prevention in urban areas, following the
concept of a circular economy. This review paper provides a
characterization of urban solid and liquid resource flows
(including water, nutrients, metals, potential energy, and
organics), which pass through selected nature-based solutions
(NBS) and supporting units (SU), expanding on that
characterization through the study of existing cases. In
particular, this paper presents the currently implemented NBS
units for resource recovery, the applicable solid and liquid
urban waste streams and the SU dedicated to increasing the
quality and minimizing hazards of specific streams at the source
level (e.g., concentrated fertilizers, disinfected recovered
products). The recovery efficiency of systems, where NBS and SU
are combined, operated at a micro- or meso-scale and applied at
technology readiness levels higher than 5, is reviewed. The
importance of collection and transport infrastructure, treatment
and recovery technology, and (urban) agricultural or urban green
reuse on the quantity and quality of input and output materials
are discussed, also regarding the current main circularity and
application challenges.
Biogrpahy: Prof. Eric D. van
Hullebusch received his PhD (Aquatic Chemistry and Microbiology)
from Université de Limoges (France) in 2002. From November 2002
until October 2004 he was a Marie Curie Postdoctoral fellow at
Wageningen University & Research (the Netherlands) where his
research focused on the optimization of anaerobic granular
sludge reactors by studying the speciation, bioavailability and
dosing strategies of trace metals. In 2005, he was appointed as
associate professor in biogeochemistry of engineered ecosystems
at Université Paris-Est (France). In 2012, Eric van Hullebusch
obtained his Habilitation qualification in Environmental
Sciences from Université Paris-Est (France). The title of his
Habilitation thesis is “Biofilms in the environment: from
anaerobic wastewater treatment to material bioweathering”. From
September 2016 until August 2018, he worked at IHE Delft as
chair professor in Environmental Science and Technology and head
of the Pollution Prevention and Resource Recovery chair group.
In September 2018, he joined Institut de Physique du Globe de
Paris (France) as full professor in Biogeochemistry of
engineered ecosystems.
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